Types of vision defects
Myopia - is a defect in which the image is focused in front of the retina, resulting in clear vision of objects close to the eye, but blurred vision of distant objects. Myopia can be caused by an eyeball that is too long or corneal breaking power that is too strong. Modern research indicates that factors influencing the development of myopia include both genetics and environmental factors, including prolonged close work, such as the use of computers and smartphones.
Hyperopia (hypermetropia) - is a visual defect in which the image is focused behind the retina, causing difficulty seeing objects close up, while distant objects are clearer. Hyperopia can be caused by an eyeball that is too short or by insufficient breaking power of the cornea. In many cases, the defect manifests itself in childhood; however, in adulthood, especially after the age of 40, it can be more troublesome due to natural changes associated with the aging process of the eye.
Astigmatism - is a defect involving uneven refraction of light rays by the cornea or lens. It results from the asymmetrical structure of these structures, which leads to distortion of the image on the retina. People with astigmatism often see objects as distorted or blurred at any distance. Astigmatism can co-occur with both myopia and hyperopia.
Presbyopia - is a natural process resulting from age that leads to a gradual loss of the eye's ability to focus on close objects. This phenomenon is the result of the decreasing elasticity of the lens of the eye and the weakening of the muscles responsible for accommodation. Presbyopia usually develops after the age of 40 and affects almost every middle-aged person.
The main causes of the increase in eye defects
1. Increased exposure to screens
One of the key factors contributing to the increase in vision defects is the heavy use of digital devices. Computers, smartphones, tablets and other electronic devices have become an integral part of daily life. Working in front of a screen for many hours a day puts a significant strain on the eyes, leading to what is known as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). It manifests as dry eyes, headaches, eye fatigue and blurred vision.
Studies indicate that children and adolescents who spend a lot of time in front of a screen are at particular risk of developing myopia. A 2020 WHO report notes that the global increase in myopia is directly related to excessive use of digital devices and less exposure to daylight (WHO, 2020).
2. Lifestyle changes
A sedentary lifestyle and limited physical activity can also contribute to eye problems. Office work, especially when combined with prolonged use of screens, reduces the frequency of blinking, leading to dry eyes. Modern lifestyles, based on working in confined spaces, deprive the body of access to natural light, which is crucial for eye health. Studies have shown that children who spend more time outdoors are less likely to develop myopia.
3. Aging population
As the population ages, the incidence of age-related eye defects is increasing. The most common of these include cataracts, glaucoma and macular degeneration (AMD). According to the WHO, more than 65% of people over the age of 50 experience vision problems, most of which are due to the body's natural aging processes.
Impact of vision defects on daily life
Visual defects have a huge impact on the quality of life, both professionally and privately. Poor vision limits one's ability to perform basic activities, such as reading, driving and working on a computer. In developed countries, access to eye care is generally universal, allowing for effective treatment of many eye conditions. However, in developing countries, lack of access to primary care results in many people suffering from untreated vision defects, leading to visual disability and even blindness.
Vision problems also have a negative impact on emotional and social development, especially for children. Visual defects that are not diagnosed and corrected early can lead to learning difficulties, developmental delays and problems with social integration.
Solutions and opportunities for prevention
1. Education and awareness
A key element in combating the growing problem of vision defects is raising public awareness of eye health. Regular eye examinations, especially among children, are extremely important, as early diagnosis of refractive errors allows for their effective correction. Educational programs aimed at children and parents have been introduced in many countries to promote healthy lifestyles and eye hygiene.
2. Technology and medical innovations
Modern technology plays an important role in the treatment and diagnosis of vision defects. Modern diagnostic devices, such as OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) scanners, make it possible to detect vision problems quickly and accurately. Also, the development of refractive surgery, including laser procedures (such as LASIK), gives patients the opportunity to permanently correct vision defects without having to wear glasses or contact lenses.
3. Protecting eyes from blue light
In the age of ubiquitous screens, increasing attention is being paid to protecting eyes from the harmful effects of blue light emitted by digital device screens. Special filters and blue-light-blocking glasses can help reduce eye fatigue and prevent long-term damage.
4. Increasing access to eye care
The development of telemedicine systems and mobile eye clinics can significantly improve access to health care in countries with limited medical infrastructure. The efforts of international organizations, such as the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB), are focused on creating global programs to eliminate blindness and visual disability, particularly in developing countries.
Summary
The problem of visual impairment in today's world is complex and requires a holistic approach. Increased exposure to screens, lifestyle changes and an aging population are just some of the factors contributing to the growing incidence of vision disorders. However, modern medicine and technology offer numerous solutions to effectively diagnose, treat and prevent these conditions. Educational and awareness-raising efforts are also crucial, and can help improve the quality of life for billions of people around the world.
